With our last couple of blog post, we talked about how automation needs to be more than simply browser tests, and we covered the early history of RESTful APIs. Before diving into writing a framework from which we can build automated API tests, I wanted to go over their basic interactions.
Interacting with a RESTful API such as Stripe's is as simple as interacting with a web page:
- GET Methods, such as what automatically happens when you go to a website like http://www.tjmaher.com/ ... Your browser accesses the HTML code returned, and interprets it as a web page. You are getting information from the endpoint.
- POST Methods, such as when you fill out a form on the web or send data such as a Comment. You are sending data to the endpoint.
- To GET, we will be using simple HTTPS calls
- To POST, we will be using a program called cURL.
What is Stripe?
From GrowthHackers.com, "How Stripe Marketed to Developers So Effectively"
https://growthhackers.com/growth-studies/how-stripe-marketed-to-developers-so-effectively "In 2007, Y Combinator connected Patrick and John Collison with Harjeet and Kulveer Taggar, and the auction-management service startup Auctomatic was born. The following year, when Patrick was just 19 and John was only 17, Auctomatic was acquired by the Canadian domain name business Live Current Media (formerly Communicate.com) for $5M. As part of the acquisition deal, the brothers relocated to Vancouver to work for Live Current Media.
"While Patrick was at MIT and John was at Harvard, the brothers began working on their next business venture in early 2010—a time when, as the company explains, 'On almost every front, it was becoming easier to build and launch an online business.' One area in which this was decidedly not the case was payments, which, as they knew well from their previous experience with eBay and other online retailers, 'remained dominated by clunky legacy players.' The legacy players were difficult to work with both on the business and development ends. From the business side, getting setup and approved as a merchant on the platforms was time consuming and dominated by manual processes such as paper-based applications, phone audits and more.
"The developer-side was even more cumbersome–the companies lacked modern code bases, and things like APIs, client libraries and documentation were virtually non-existent. The tools available to developers were so limited that the checkout experience for end users lacked the intuitive elegance of other core user experience areas. Taken together, it was clear to Patrick and John that there was a need for a developer-friendly payment company. That was the motivation for the company that ultimately became Stripe. The startup was initially called /dev/payments and then officially incorporated as SLASHDEVSLASHFINANCE after learning that the state of Delaware doesn’t allow corporate names to have leading slashes. Yet the name resulted in innumerable misspellings—such as SLASHDEV/SLASHFINANCE, for example—and wasn’t as respectable as they would’ve liked.
"As CTO Greg Brockman explains on Quora, 'Imagine being in talks with a very serious banker from a very serious bank and then telling them you worked at "Slash Dev Slash Finance". It’s not a great way to build trust.' [ MORE ]"
Take a look at Stripe's extensive API documentation at https://stripe.com/docs/api#intro. The documentation for their API is so well written that I was able to quickly start writing code to interact with Stripe.
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| Their great documentation has helped me out of many a jam. |
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| They even have a GitHub site for popular bindings, such as Stripe Java. |
GETting Information From Stripe
Getting data, such as the last charge used by your API account key is as easy as entering a web address into a browser.
- Stripe's API is located at https://api.stripe.com. Note the HTTPS.
- The API Version is /v1
- To get charges, we add /charges
- We add a '?' after the call to indicate that we will be sending parameters in the query
- Since we are getting the last charge, the first set of parameters will be limit=1.
- When sending multiple parameters, we separate them by an ampersand '&'
- The API Key is sk_test_BQokikJOvBiI2HlWgH4olfQ2.
- If we didn't care about the security of our system, and didn't mind people spying on the URL swiping our private Stripe API keys and making unauthorized transactions to our payment system, we could add as a parameter, key=sk_test_BQokikJOvBiI2HlWgH4olfQ2. Note, we are doing this only because this general purpose keys are widely available. Please don't do this with your own secure keys you get from Stripe.
https://api.stripe.com/v1/charges?limit=3&key=sk_test_BQokikJOvBiI2HlWgH4olfQ2Reading a JSON File
The HTTPS call to the Stripe API returns information about the last charge in a JSON (JavaScript Object) file format.- Customer: Harold Hamburger from 414 Grant Street, Pittsburgh, PA
- Charge: ID: ch_17fwmG2eZvKYlo2CdW87ZPMj
- He used his VISA ending in 1111 (12/2022 exp)
- Amount charged was $50.01 USD
{ "object": "list", "data": [ { { "id": "ch_17fwmG2eZvKYlo2CdW87ZPMj", "object": "charge", "amount": 5001, "amount_refunded": 0, "application_fee": null, "balance_transaction": "txn_17fwmG2eZvKYlo2CnPB4hZUw", "captured": true, "created": 1455821124, "currency": "usd", "customer": null, "description": "User: 679. Events: 1070. Total Tickets: 1.", "destination": null, "dispute": null, "failure_code": null, "failure_message": null, "fraud_details": {}, "invoice": null, "livemode": false, "metadata": { "user_id": "679", "seller_id": "906", "events": "PHPUNIT Demo", "event_ids": "1070" }, "order": null, "paid": true, "receipt_email": null, "receipt_number": null, "refunded": false, "refunds": { "object": "list", "data": [], "has_more": false, "total_count": 0, "url": "/v1/charges/ch_17fwmG2eZvKYlo2CdW87ZPMj/refunds" }, "shipping": null, "source": { "id": "card_17fwmG2eZvKYlo2C5mWgfWkj", "object": "card", "address_city": "Pittsburgh", "address_country": "US", "address_line1": "414 Grant St", "address_line1_check": "pass", "address_line2": null, "address_state": "PA", "address_zip": "15219", "address_zip_check": "pass", "brand": "Visa", "country": "US", "customer": null, "cvc_check": "pass", "dynamic_last4": null, "exp_month": 12, "exp_year": 2022, "fingerprint": "tiDP36QdYA6X7km8", "funding": "unknown", "last4": "1111", "metadata": {}, "name": "Harold Hamburger", "tokenization_method": null }, "statement_descriptor": null, "status": "succeeded" }, "has_more": true, "url": "/v1/charges" }
JSON Syntax Rules are:
- Data is in name/value pairs
- Data is separated by commas
- Curly braces hold objects
- Square brackets hold arrays
If you want to learn more about JSON, you can take a look at the W3Schools.com free online course on JSON.
Each individual charge's parameters are stored in a Charge object, with each charge given a unique id, prefixed by "ch_". Under "data", Charges are returned in an array of objects, such as:
- [ { ChargeObject1 }, { ChargeObject2 }, { ChargeObject3 } ]
Working with Currency
Note that the amount is an integer stored in cents -- 4999 -- and not $49.99.
From Stripe Support: Zero Decimal Currency
"Stripe supports a number of currencies. To create a charge in any of these currencies, you need to provide the amount in the smallest common currency unit. For most, this is the amount in cents (or pence, or similarly named unit). For example, to create a charge for €1.00, you would set amount=100 (100 cents).
"For zero-decimal currencies, we use the regular denomination. For example, to charge ¥1, you should set amount=1 (1 JPY), since ¥1 is the smallest currency unit".
From StackOverflow.com: Why Not Use Double Or Float To Represent Currency
"[F]loats and doubles cannot accurately represent the base 10 multiples we use for money. This issue isn't just for Java, it's for any programming language that uses native floating-point types, as it stems from how computers handle floating-point numbers by default [...]
"Representing money as a double or float will probably look good at first as the software rounds off the tiny errors, but as you perform more additions, subtractions, multiplications and divisions on inexact numbers, you'll lose more and more precision as the errors add up. This makes floats and doubles inadequate for dealing with money, where perfect accuracy for multiples of base 10 powers is required.
"A solution that works in just about any language is to use integers instead, and count cents. For instance, 1025 would be $10.25. Several languages also have built-in types to deal with money. Among others, Java has the BigDecimal class [..]" [ Read the whole answer ]
POSTing information to Stripe
To compose the POST statement to Stripe's API Endpoint, we will be using cURL.According to Wikipedia, "cURL is a computer software project providing a library and command-line tool for transferring data using various protocols. The cURL project produces two products, libcurl and cURL. It was first released in 1997. The name originally stood for "see URL".
It was originally written by Daniel Stenberg, who now works as Sr. Network Engineer at Mozilla on the Firefox browser, and is maintained by Haxx, a team of four developers.
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| cURL, brought to you by Haxx! |
cURL is probably already bundled on your Windows 10 or MacBook. To find out, open your Console or Command Prompt and type in:
curl example.com You should then see scroll across your screen the HTML sourcecode for the http://www.example.com/ webpage.
If you want to play around with cURL and explore further:
- The main website is https://curl.haxx.se/
- Their GitHub site is at https://github.com/curl/curl
POST https://api.stripe.com/v1/charges/{CHARGE_ID}To do it in cURL, let's take their example...
curl https://api.stripe.com/v1/charges/ch_17fMZR2eZvKYlo2CB0L7A7LC \
-u sk_test_BQokikJOvBiI2HlWgH4olfQ2: \
-d description="Charge for test@example.com"... and let's tinker with it. Let's switch it up:
- Harold Hamburger's charge id was ch_17fwmG2eZvKYlo2CdW87ZPMj. Let's use that.
- Let's change the description to say, "Charge for TJMaher.com".
- My MS-DOS CMD line on my Windows machine hates the "\" which stands for new lines. Let's erase them.
- My instance of cURL says there is an SSL certificate problem, and to get around this, we can enter the switch, "-k".
curl https://api.stripe.com/v1/charges/ch_17fwmG2eZvKYlo2CdW87ZPMj -u sk_test_BQokikJOvBiI2HlWgH4olfQ2: -d description="Charge for TJMaher.com" -k
... The description has been changed!
And that is how you can send information to an API Endpoint!
Happy Testing!
NEXT: API Keys, Property files, and Initial Setup
RESTful Testing with Stripe:
- Introduction
- Part One: Intro to REST APIs
- Part Two: Interacting with Stripe using HTTPS and cURL
- Part Three: API Keys, Property files, and Initial Setup
- Part Four: UriBuilder, HttpGet and other Apache HttpComponents
- Part Five: From JSON to Object: HttpEntity and GSON
- Source Code: GitHub, T.J. Maher
-T.J. Maher
Sr. QA Engineer, Fitbit
Boston, MA
Boston, MA
// Automated tester for [ 11 ] month and counting!
Please note: 'Adventures in Automation' is a personal blog about automated testing. It is not an official blog of Fitbit.com.
Please note: 'Adventures in Automation' is a personal blog about automated testing. It is not an official blog of Fitbit.com.
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